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Free-running and nudged versions of a Met Office chemistry–climate model areevaluated and used to investigate the impact of dynamics versus transport andchemistry within the model on the simulated evolution of stratospheric ozone.Metrics of the dynamical processes relevant for simulating stratosphericozone are calculated, and the free-running model is found to outperform theprevious model version in 10 of the 14 metrics. In particular, large biasesin stratospheric transport and tropical tropopause temperature, which existedin the previous model version, are substantially reduced, making the currentmodel more suitable for the simulation of stratospheric ozone. The spatialstructure of the ozone hole, the area of polar stratospheric clouds, and theincreased ozone concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratospherefollowing sudden stratospheric warmings, were all found to be sensitive tothe accuracy of the dynamics and were better simulated in the nudged modelthan in the free-running model. Whilst nudging can, in general, provide a usefultool for removing the influence of dynamical biases from the evolution ofchemical fields, this study shows that issues can remain in the climatologyof nudged models. Significant biases in stratospheric vertical velocities,age of air, water vapour, and total column ozone still exist in the Met Officenudged model. Further, these can lead to biases in the downward flux of ozoneinto the troposphere

The Met Office HadGEM3-ES chemistry–climate model: evaluation of stratospheric dynamics and its impact on ozone