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. The ambiguity of geophysical inversions, which is based on asingle geophysical method, is a long-standing problem in geophysicalexploration. Therefore, multi-method geophysical prospecting has become apopular topic. In multi-method geophysical prospecting, the joint inversionof seismic and electric data has been extensively researched for decades.However, the methods used for hybrid seismic–electric data acquisition thatform the base for multi-method geophysical prospecting techniques have notyet been explored in detail. In this work, we developed a distributed,high-precision, hybrid seismic–electrical data acquisition system usingadvanced Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology. The system wasequipped with a hybrid data acquisition board, a high-performance embeddedmotherboard based on field-programmable gate array, an advanced RISCmachine, and host software. The data acquisition board used an ADS127824 bit analog-to-digital converter and FPGA-based digital filteringtechniques to perform high-precision data acquisition. The equivalent inputnoise of the data acquisition board was only 0.5  µ V with a samplingrate of 1000 samples per second and front-end gain of 40 dB. The multipledata acquisition stations of our system were synchronized usingoven-controlled crystal oscillators and global positioning systemtechnologies. Consequently, the clock frequency error of the system was lessthan 10 −9  Hz at 1 Hz after calibration, and the synchronization accuracyof the data acquisition stations was ±200  ns. The use ofsophisticated NB-IoT technologies allowed the long-distance wirelesscommunication between the control center and the data acquisition stations. Invalidation experiments, it was found that our system was operationallystable and reliable, produced highly accurate data, and it was functionallyflexible and convenient. Furthermore, using this system, it is also possibleto monitor the real-time quality of data acquisition processes. We believethat the results obtained in this study will drive the advancement ofprospective integrated seismic–electrical technologies and promote the useof IoT technologies in geophysical instrumentation.

Development of a distributed hybrid seismic–electrical data acquisition system based on the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology