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Variations in surface and near-surface ground temperatures (GST) dominatethe evolution of the ground thermal regime over time and represent the upperboundary condition for the subsurface. Focusing on the Lapires talus slopein the south-western part of the Swiss Alps, which partly contains massiveground ice, and using a joint observational and modelling approach, thisstudy compares and combines observed and simulated GST in the proximity of aborehole. The aim was to determine the applicability of the physically basedsubsurface model COUP to accurately reproduce spatially heterogeneous GSTdata and to enhance its reliability for long-term simulations. Thereconstruction of GST variations revealed very promising results, eventhough two-dimensional processes like the convection within thecoarse-blocky sediments close to the surface or ascending air circulationthroughout the landform ("chimney effect") are not included in the model.For most simulations, the model bias revealed a distinct seasonal patternmainly related to the simulation of the snow cover. The study shows that, bymeans of a detailed comparison of GST simulations with ground truth data,the calibration of the upper boundary conditions – which are crucial formodelling the subsurface – could be enhanced

Ground temperature variations in a talus slope influenced by permafrost: a comparison of field observations and model simulations