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While a remarkable continuity in smallholder agricultural production hasbeen identified,the shift from subsistence orientation towards more wage dependence appearsin adifferent light when analysed under a gender perspective. "Feminisation"has been acatchphrase to characterise some of these processes; however, the debate hasbeensubject to overgeneralisation, and can only inadequately grasp the genderdynamics inwhat has been referred to as "new ruralities". Illustrated for high-valuecrop productionas an expression of agricultural transition in the Global South, thiscontribution offers acritical account of the feminisation thesis. Instead of discarding thenotion of feminisation,it advocates a reassessment of its potential as a comprehensiveframework againstwhich empirical findings can be reflected. While conventional uses of thefeminisationthesis have, in their great majority, come up with the conclusion that forwomen it canalways only get worse, I propose a perspective which reveals gains and risksand howthey are shared between men and women as they engage in new agriculturallabourmarkets. This perspective rests on a methodology for case-based, comparativestudiesdeveloped in this paper as a contribution for assessing the nature ofagriculturaltransition and to investigate the qualitative change associated with newruralities. Adistinctive appreciation of the substance of agricultural change fordifferent members ofthe rural society – namely men and women, but also different men, anddifferent women– is the premise for overcoming barriers to shared development, and forframingeffective governance in the context of global development

New ruralities – old gender dynamics? A reflection on high-value crop agriculture in the light of the feminisation debates