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. We document that the reliability of carbonate U–Pb dating by laser ablationinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is improved bymatching the aspect ratio of the LA single-hole drilling craters andpropagating long-term excess variance and systematic uncertainties. Weinvestigated the impact of different matrices and ablation crater geometriesusing U–Pb isotope analyses of one primary (WC-1) and two secondaryreference materials (RMs). Validation RMs (VRMs) include a previouslycharacterised one (ASH-15D) and a new candidate (JT), characterised by ID-TIMS(intercept age: 13.797±0.031  Ma) with excellent agreement to pooledLA-ICP-MS measurements ( 13.75±0.11 | 0.36 Ma), a Uconcentration of approx. 1  µ g g −1 and 238U∕206Pb ratios from 5to 460, defining the isochron well. Differences in ablation crater depth todiameter ratios (aspect ratio) introduce an offset due to downholefractionation and/or matrix effects. This effect can be observed either whenthe crater size between U–Pb RM and the sample changes or when the ablation ratefor the sample is different than for the RM. Observed deviations are up to20 % of the final intercept age depending on the degree of crater geometrymismatch. The long-term excess uncertainty was calculated to be in the rangeof 2 % (ASH-15D) to 2.5 % (JT), and we recommend propagating thisuncertainty into the uncertainty of the final results. Additionally, asystematic offset to the ID-TIMS age of 2 %–3 % was observed for ASH-15D butnot for JT. This offset might be due to different ablation rates of ASH-15Dcompared to the primary RM or remaining matrix effects, even when the aspect ratios chosen are similar.

geochronology

Evaluating the reliability of U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) carbonate geochronology: matrix issues and a potential calcite validation reference material