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. In the arctic and high mountains it is common to measure vertical changes ofice sheets and glaciers via digital elevation model (DEM) differencing. Thisrequires the signal of change to outweigh the noise associated with thedatasets. Excluding large landslides, on the ice-free earth the land-level changeis smaller in vertical magnitude and thus requires more accurate DEMs fordifferencing and identification of change. Previously, this has requiredmeter to submeter data at small spatial scales. Following carefulcorrections, we are able to measure land-level changes in gravel-bed channelsand steep hillslopes in the south-central Andes using the SRTM-C (collectedin 2000) and the TanDEM-X (collected from 2010 to 2015) near-global 12–30 mDEMs. Long-standing errors in the SRTM-C are corrected using the TanDEM-X asa control surface and applying cosine-fit co-registration to remove ∼ 1 / 10  pixel ( ∼3  m) shifts, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtering toremove SRTM-C short- and long-wavelength stripes, and blocked shifting toremove remaining complex biases. The datasets are then differenced andoutlier pixels are identified as a potential signal for the case of gravel-bedchannels and hillslopes. We are able to identify signals of incision andaggradation (with magnitudes down to ∼3  m in the best case) in two >100  km river reaches, with increased geomorphic activity downstream ofknickpoints. Anthropogenic gravel excavation and piling is prominentlymeasured, with magnitudes exceeding ±5  m (up to >10  m for largepiles). These values correspond to conservative average rates of 0.2 to >0.5  m yr −1 for vertical changes in gravel-bed rivers. Forhillslopes, since we require stricter cutoffs for noise, we are only able toidentify one major landslide in the study area with a deposit volume of 16 ± 0.15 × 10 6  m 3 . Additional signals of change can begarnered from TanDEM-X auxiliary layers; however, these are more difficult toquantify. The methods presented can be extended to any region of the worldwith SRTM-C and TanDEM-X coverage where vertical land-level changes are ofinterest, with the caveat that remaining vertical uncertainties in primarilythe SRTM-C limit detection in steep and complex topography.

Measuring decadal vertical land-level changes from SRTM-C (2000) and TanDEM-X ( ∼ 2015) in the south-central Andes