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. Understanding air exchange dynamics between undergroundcavities (e.g., caves, mines, boreholes, etc.) and the atmosphere issignificant for the exploration of gas transport across theEarth–atmosphere interface. Here, we investigated the role of atmosphericconditions in controlling air transport inside boreholes using in situ fieldmeasurements. Three geometries were explored: (1) a narrow and deep shaft(0.1 m wide and 27 m deep), ending in a large underground cavity; (2) the sameshaft after the pipe was lowered and separated from the cavity; and (3) a deeplarge-diameter borehole (59 m deep and 3.4 m wide). Absolute humidity was found to be areliable proxy for distinguishing between atmospheric and cavity air masses(mainly during the winter and spring seasons) and thus to explore air transportthrough the three geometries. Airflow directions in the first twonarrow-diameter geometries were found to be driven by changes in barometricpressure, whereas airflow in the large-diameter geometry was correlatedprimarily with the diurnal cycles of ambient atmospheric temperature. CO2 concentrations of ∼2000  ppm were found in all threegeometries, indicating that airflow from the Earth's subsurface into theatmosphere may also be significant in the investigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

Pipes to Earth's subsurface: the role of atmospheric conditions in controlling air transport through boreholes and shafts