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The city of Aksu, situated at the northern fringe of the Taklimakan Desertin northwest China, is exposed to severe periodic dust and sand storms. In1986, local authorities decided to establish a peri-urban shelterbeltplantation, the so-called Kökyar Protection Forest, with the aim ofreducing dust and sand storm impacts on Aksu City by the regulating ecosystemservices provided by the plantation. It was realised as a patchwork ofpoplar shelterbelts and orchards. The total area of the plantation reached3800 ha in 2005. The Kökyar Protection Forest is used as a case study to answer the following question: under which institutional frameworks and towhich financial conditions can peri-urban shelterbelts be established andmaintained? The endeavour of planting the shelterbelt was made possible bythe annual mass mobilisation of Aksu citizens, based on the Chineseregulation of the "National Compulsory Afforestation Campaigns".Establishment costs amounted to ca. CNY 60 000 ha−1 (ca. USD 10 000 ha−1).Permanent maintenance of the plantation is facilitated byleasing orchard plots to private fruit farmers. From the perspective of thelocal economy, annual farming net benefits generated by Kökyar fruitfarmers more than compensate for annual government grants for maintenance,resulting in an average overall monetary net benefit of at least CNY 10 500 ha−1(ca. USD 1600 ha−1) in the long term. For a morecomplete understanding of Kökyar Protection Forest, future researchshould be directed towards quantifying the effect of its regulatingecosystem services and on investigating the negative downstreamconsequences of its water consumption

earth system dynamics

Establishment and maintenance of regulating ecosystem services in a dryland area of central Asia, illustrated using the Kökyar Protection Forest, Aksu, NW China, as an example