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We examine the impact of land use and land cover change (LULCC) over theperiod from 1850 to 2005 using an Earth system model that incorporatesnitrogen and phosphorous limitation on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Wecompare the estimated CO2 emissions and warming from land use change ina carbon-only version of the model with those from simulations, includingnitrogen and phosphorous limitation. If we omit nutrients, our resultssuggest LULCC cools on the global average by about 0.1 °C. Includingnutrients reduces this cooling to ~ 0.05 °C. Our resultsalso suggest LULCC has a major impact on total land carbon over the period1850–2005. In carbon-only simulations, the inclusion of LULCC decreases thetotal additional land carbon stored in 2005 from around 210 Pg C to 85 Pg C.Including nitrogen and phosphorous limitation also decreases the scale ofthe terrestrial carbon sink to 80 Pg C. Shown as corresponding fluxes,adding LULCC on top of the nutrient-limited simulations changes the sign ofthe terrestrial carbon flux from a sink to a source (12 Pg C). The CO2emission from LULCC from 1850 to 2005 is estimated to be 130 Pg C for carbononly simulation, or 97 Pg C if nutrient limitation is accounted for in ourmodel. The difference between these two estimates of CO2 emissions fromLULCC largely results from the weaker response of photosynthesis toincreased CO2 and smaller carbon pool sizes, and therefore lower carbonloss from plant and wood product carbon pools under nutrient limitation. Wesuggest that nutrient limitation should be accounted for in simulating theeffects of LULCC on the past climate and on the past and future carbonbudget

The impact of nitrogen and phosphorous limitation on the estimated terrestrial carbon balance and warming of land use change over the last 156 yr