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. The effect of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) on theshape and gravity of the Earth is usually described by numerical models thatsolve for both glacial evolution and Earthu0027s rheology, being mainlyconstrained by the geological evidence of local ice extent and globallydistributed sea level data, as well as by geodetic observations of Earthu0027srotation.   In recent years, GPS and GRACE observations have often been used to improvethose models, especially in the context of regional studies. However,consistency issues between different regional models limit their ability toanswer questions from global-scale geodesy. Examples are the closure of thesea level budget, the explanation of observed changes in Earthu0027s rotation,and the determination of the origin of the Earthu0027s reference frame.   Here, we present a global empirical model of present-day GIA, solely basedon GRACE data and on geoid fingerprints of mass redistribution. We will showhow the use of observations from a single space-borne platform, togetherwith GIA fingerprints based on different viscosity profiles, allows us totackle the questions from global-scale geodesy mentioned above. We findthat, in the GRACE era (2003–2016), freshwater exchange between land andoceans has caused global mean sea level to rise by  1.2±0.2  mm yr −1 ,the geocentre to move by  0.4±0.1  mm yr −1 , and the Earthu0027s dynamicoblateness ( J2 ) to increase by6.0  ±  0.4  ×   10   -  11 yr −1 .

A global semi-empirical glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data