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Discoloration of drinking water is a worldwide phenomenon caused by\udaccumulation and subsequent remobilization of particulate matter in\uddrinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). It contributes a\udsubstantial fraction of customer complaints to water utilities. Accurate\uddiscoloration risk predictions could improve system operation by allowing for\udmore effective programs on cleaning and prevention actions and field\udmeasurements, but are challenged by incomplete understanding on the origins\udand properties of particles and a complex and not fully understood interplay\udof processes in distribution networks. In this paper, we assess and describe\udrelevant hydraulic processes that govern particle transport in turbulent pipe\udflow, including gravitational settling, bed-load transport, and particle\udentrainment into suspension. We assess which transport mechanisms are\uddominant for a range of bulk flow velocities, particle diameters, and\udparticle mass densities, which includes common conditions for DWDSs in the\udNetherlands, the UK, and Australia. Our analysis shows that the theoretically\udpredicted particle settling velocity and threshold shear stresses for\udincipient particle motion are in the same range as, but more variable than,\udprevious estimates from lab experiments, field measurements, and modeling.\udThe presented material will be used in the future development of a numerical\udmodeling tool to determine and predict the spatial distribution of\udparticulate material and discoloration risk in DWDSs. Our approach is aimed\udat understanding specific causalities and processes, which can complement\uddata-driven approaches.</p

Modeling particle transport and discoloration risk in drinking water distribution networks