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The calculation of hydraulic state variables for a network is an important\udtask in managing the distribution of potable water. Over the years the\udmathematical modeling process has been improved by numerous researchers for\udutilization in new computer applications and the more realistic modeling of\udwater distribution networks. But, in spite of these continuous advances,\udthere are still a number of physical phenomena that may not be tackled\udcorrectly by current models. This paper will take a closer look at the two\udmodeling paradigms given by demand- and pressure-driven modeling. The basic\udequations are introduced and parallels are drawn with the optimization\udformulations from electrical engineering. These formulations guarantee the\udexistence and uniqueness of the solution. One of the central questions\udof the French and German research\udproject ResiWater is the investigation of the network resilience in the case\udof extreme events or disasters. Under such extraordinary conditions where\udmodels are pushed beyond their limits, we talk about deficient network\udmodels. Examples of deficient networks are given by highly regulated flow,\udleakage or pipe bursts and cases where pressure falls below the vapor\udpressure of water. These examples will be presented and analyzed on the\udsolvability and physical correctness of the solution with respect to demand-\udand pressure-driven models

Limitations of demand- and pressure-driven modeling for large deficient networks