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Bio-sand filters (BSFs) are point-of-use  (POU) potable water filtration\udsystems commonly used in low-income communities at household level. The\udprinciple of operation is similar to that of a slow sand filter and the major\uddifference is that they are operated intermittently at the POU. It\udis one of the emerging low-cost technologies which makes use of readily and\udlocally available construction materials but is poor in the removal of\udnitrates. In order to enhance the removal of nitrates through\uddenitrification, a modified BSF with ethanol as an external\udcarbon source at C  /  N ratios of 1.1 and 1.8 was investigated. In the\udabsence of an external carbon source, the nitrate removal efficiency was\ud32 %, whilst removal efficiencies at C   /   N ratios of 1.1 and 1.8\udwere 44 and 53 % respectively. The inflow rate reduced significantly\udfrom an initial flow rate of 0.04 to 0.01 m<sup>3</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. The\udreduction in the inflow rate was mainly due to the growth of the biological\udlayer on the filter media. The study showed that the use of an external\udcarbon source like ethanol in bio-sand filtration enhances the removal of\udnitrates in potable water

Use of an external organic carbon source in the removal of nitrates in bio-sand filters (BSFs)