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Air and water stable isotope measurements from four Greenland deep  ice cores (GRIP, GISP2, NGRIP and NEEM) are investigated over a series of  Dansgaard–Oeschger events (DO 8, 9 and 10), which are representative of  glacial millennial scale variability. Combined with firn modeling,  air isotope data allow us to quantify abrupt temperature increases for  each drill site (1σ = 0.6 °C for NEEM, GRIP and GISP2,  1.5 °C for NGRIP). Our data show that the magnitude of  stadial–interstadial temperature increase is up to 2 °C  larger in central and North Greenland than in northwest Greenland: i.e.,  for DO 8, a magnitude of +8.8 °C is inferred, which is significantly  smaller than the +11.1 °C inferred at GISP2. The same spatial  pattern is seen for accumulation increases. This pattern is coherent with  climate simulations in response to reduced sea-ice extent in the Nordic seas.  The temporal water isotope (δ<sup>18</sup>O)–temperature relationship varies  between 0.3 and 0.6 (±0.08) ‰ °C<sup>−1</sup> and is  systematically larger at NEEM, possibly due to limited changes in precipitation  seasonality compared to GISP2, GRIP or NGRIP. The gas  age−ice age difference of warming events represented in water and  air isotopes can only be modeled when assuming a 26% (NGRIP) to  40% (GRIP) lower accumulation than that derived from  a Dansgaard–Johnsen ice flow model

climate of the past

Spatial gradients of temperature, accumulation and δ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;18&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;O-ice in Greenland over a series of Dansgaard–Oeschger events