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. The main goal of this study is to reconstruct thepaleoceanographic development of Storfjorden during the Neoglacial(∼4 cal ka BP). Storfjorden is one of the most importantbrine factories in the European Arctic and is responsible for deepwaterproduction. Moreover, it is a climate-sensitive area influenced by twocontrasting water masses: warm and saline Atlantic Water (AW) and cold andfresh Arctic Water (ArW). Herein, a multiproxy approach was applied toprovide evidence for existing interactions between the inflow of AW andsea ice coverage, which are the major drivers of environmental changes inStorfjorden. The sedimentary and microfossil records indicate that a majorreorganization of oceanographic conditions in Storfjorden occurred at∼2.7 cal ka BP. The cold conditions and the less pronouncedpresence of AW in Storfjorden during the early phase of the Neoglacial werethe prerequisite conditions for the formation of extensive sea ice cover.The period after ∼2.7 cal ka BP was characterized byalternating short-term cooling and warming intervals. Warming was associatedwith pulsed inflows of AW and sea ice melting that stimulated phytoplanktonblooms and organic matter supply to the bottom. The cold phases werecharacterized by heavy and densely packed sea ice, resulting in decreasedproductivity. The ancient environmental DNA (aDNA) records of foraminiferaand diatoms support the occurrence of the major pulses of AW(∼2.3 and ∼1.7 cal ka BP) and the variationsin sea ice cover. The episodes of enhanced AW inflow were marked by anincrease in the percentage of DNA sequences of monothalamous foraminiferaassociated with the presence of fresh phytodetritus. Cold and lessproductive intervals were marked by an increased proportion of monothalamoustaxa known only from environmental sequencing. The diatom aDNA recordindicates that primary production was continuous during the Neoglacial,regardless of the sea ice conditions. However, the colder periods werecharacterized by the presence of diatom taxa associated with sea ice,whereas the present-day diatom assemblage is dominated by open-water taxa.

Multiproxy evidence of the Neoglacial expansion of Atlantic Water to eastern Svalbard