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. Central Asia experienced a number of significant elevational andclimatic changes during the Cenozoic, but much remains to be understoodregarding the timing and driving mechanisms of these changes as well astheir influence on ancient ecosystems. Here, we describe the palaeoecologyand palaeoclimate of a new section from the Nangqian Basin in Tibet,north-western China, dated as Bartonian (41.2–37.8 Ma; late Eocene)based on our palynological analyses. Located on the east-central part ofwhat is today the Tibetan Plateau, this section is excellently placed forbetter understanding the palaeoecological history of Tibet following theIndo-Asian collision. Our new palynological record reveals that a stronglyseasonal steppe–desert ecosystem characterized by drought-tolerant shrubs,diverse ferns, and an underlying component of broad-leaved forests existed ineast-central Tibet during the Eocene, influenced by a southern monsoon. Atransient warming event, possibly the middle Eocene climatic optimum(MECO; 40 Ma), is reflected in our record by a temporary increase in regionaltropical taxa and a concurrent decrease in steppe–desert vegetation. In thelate Eocene, a drying signature in the palynological record is linked toproto-Paratethys Sea retreat, which caused widespread long-termaridification across the region. To better distinguish between localclimatic variation and farther-reaching drivers of Central Asianpalaeoclimate and elevation, we correlated key palynological sections acrossthe Tibetan Plateau by means of established radioisotopic ages andbiostratigraphy. This new palynozonation illustrates both intra- andinter-basinal floral response to Qinghai–Tibetan uplift and global climatechange during the Paleogene, and it provides a framework for the age assignmentof future palynological studies in Central Asia. Our work highlights theongoing challenge of integrating various deep time records for the purposeof reconstructing palaeoelevation, indicating that a multi-proxy approach isvital for unravelling the complex uplift history of Tibet and its resultinginfluence on Asian climate.

Aridification signatures from fossil pollen indicate a drying climate in east-central Tibet during the late Eocene