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Quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions provide data for evaluating themechanisms of past, natural climate variability. Geometries of formermountain glaciers, constrained by moraine mapping, afford the opportunity toreconstruct palaeoclimate, due to the close relationship between ice extentand local climate. In this study, we present results from a series ofexperiments using a 2-D coupled energy balance–ice flow model that investigatethe palaeoclimate significance of Last Glacial Maximum moraines within ninecatchments in the central North Island, New Zealand. We find that the former icelimits can be simulated when present-day temperatures are reduced by between4 and 7 °C, ifprecipitation remains unchanged frompresent. The spread in the results between the nine catchments is likely torepresent the combination of chronological and model uncertainties. Themajority of catchments targeted require temperature decreases of 5.1 to 6.3 °C to simulate the former glaciers, which representsour best estimate of the temperature anomaly in the central North Island, NewZealand, during the Last Glacial Maximum. A decrease in precipitation of up to25 % from present, as suggested by proxy evidence and climate models,increases the magnitude of the required temperature changes by up to 0.8 °C. Glacier model experiments using reconstructed topographies thatexclude the volume of post-glacial ( <  15 ka) volcanism generally increasedthe magnitude of cooling required to simulate the former ice limits by up to0.5 °C. Our palaeotemperature estimates expand the spatial coverage ofproxy-based quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions in New Zealand. Ourresults are also consistent with independent, proximal temperaturereconstructions from fossil groundwater and pollen assemblages, as well assimilar glacier modelling reconstructions from the central Southern Alps, whichsuggest air temperatures were ca. 6 °C lower than present across NewZealand during the Last Glacial Maximum

The Last Glacial Maximum in the central North Island, New Zealand: palaeoclimate inferences from glacier modelling