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Stalagmite ky1, with a length of 75 mm and the upper part (from top to42.769 mm depth) consisting of 678 laminae, was collected from Kaiyuan Cavein the coastal area of Shandong Peninsula, northern China, located in a warmtemperate zone in the East Asia monsoon area. Based on high-precision datingwith the U–230Th technique and continuous counting of laminae, the 1stand 678th laminae have been confirmed to be AD 1894 ± 20 and1217 ± 20 from top to bottom, respectively. By the measurement oflaminae thickness and δ18O ratios, we haved obtained the time series dataof thickness of laminae and δ18O ratios from AD 1217 ± 20 to1894 ± 20, analyzed the climatic–environmental meaning ofvariations in the thickness of laminae, which have a good correspondence withthe cumulative departure curve of the drought–waterlog index in thehistorical period. The results show that, in the  ∼  678 years fromAD 1217 ± 20 to 1894 ± 20, both the thickness of the laminae andthe degree of fluctuation in the thickness of the laminae of stalagmite ky1have obvious stages of variation and are completely synchronized with thecontemporaneous intensity of the summer monsoons and precipitation as timechanged. There is a negative correlation between the thickness of the laminaeand the summer monsoon intensity and precipitation. There is a positivecorrelation between the degree of fluctuation in the thickness of the laminaeand both the intensity of the summer monsoons and the precipitation.Therefore, for the Kaiyuan Cave in the coastal area of both the warmtemperate zone and the East Asia monsoon area, the variations in thethickness of the laminae are not only related to the change in the climaticfactors themselves but also related to the degree of climatic stability. Inthe coastal area belonging to the warm temperate zone and the East Asiamonsoon area, the climate change between the LIA (Little Ice Age) and the MWP(Medieval Warm Period), in addition to less precipitation and lowtemperatures (a type of dry and cold climate), also shows an obviouslydecreasing trend in the degree of climatic stability

climate of the past

The climate reconstruction in Shandong Peninsula, northern China, during the last millennium based on stalagmite laminae together with a comparison to &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;δ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;18&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;O