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An improved understanding of present-day climate variability and changerelies on high-quality data sets from the past 2 millennia. Global efforts tomodel regional climate modes are in the process of being validated against,and integrated with, records of past vegetation change. For South America,however, the full potential of vegetation records for evaluating andimproving climate models has hitherto not been sufficiently acknowledged dueto an absence of information on the spatial and temporal coverage of studysites. This paper therefore serves as a guide to high-quality pollen recordsthat capture environmental variability during the last 2 millennia. Weidentify 60 vegetation (pollen) records from across South America whichsatisfy geochronological requirements set out for climate modelling, and wediscuss their sensitivity to the spatial signature of climate modesthroughout the continent. Diverse patterns of vegetation response to climatechange are observed, with more similar patterns of change in the lowlands andvarying intensity and direction of responses in the highlands. Pollen recordsdisplay local-scale responses to climate modes; thus, it is necessary tounderstand how vegetation–climate interactions might diverge under variablesettings. We provide a qualitative translation from pollen metrics to climatevariables. Additionally, pollen is an excellent indicator of human impactthrough time. We discuss evidence for human land use in pollen records andprovide an overview considered useful for archaeological hypothesis testingand important in distinguishing natural from anthropogenically drivenvegetation change. We stress the need for the palynological community to bemore familiar with climate variability patterns to correctly attribute thepotential causes of observed vegetation dynamics. This manuscript forms partof the wider LOng-Term multi-proxy climate REconstructions and Dynamics inSouth America – 2k initiative that provides the ideal framework for theintegration of the various palaeoclimatic subdisciplines and palaeo-science,thereby jump-starting and fostering multidisciplinary research intoenvironmental change on centennial and millennial timescales

Climate variability and human impact in South America during the last 2000 years: synthesis and perspectives from pollen records