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The ground surface temperature histories of the past 500 years werereconstructed at 10 sites containing 18 boreholes in northeastern Canada. Theboreholes, between 400 and 800 m deep, are located north of 51° Nand west and east of James Bay in northern Ontario and Québec. We find that bothsides of James Bay have experienced similar ground surface temperaturehistories with a warming of 1.51 ± 0.76 K during the period of 1850 to2000, similar to borehole reconstructions for the southern portion of theSuperior Province and in agreement with available proxy data. A coolingperiod corresponding to the Little Ice Age was found at only one site.Despite permafrost maps locating the sites in a region of discontinuouspermafrost, the ground surface temperature histories suggest that thepotential for permafrost was minimal to absent over the past 500 years. Thiscould be the result of air surface temperature interpolation used inpermafrost models being unsuitable to account for the spatial variability ofground temperatures along with an offset between ground and air surfacetemperatures due to the snow cover

Climate trends in northern Ontario and Québec from borehole temperature profiles