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The Forada section (northeastern Italy) provides a continuous,expanded deep-sea record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) inthe central-western Tethys. We combine a new, high-resolution, benthicforaminiferal assemblage record with published calcareous plankton,mineralogical and biomarker data to document climatic and environmentalchanges across the PETM, highlighting the benthic foraminiferal extinctionevent (BEE). The onset of the PETM, occurring  ∼ 30 kyr after aprecursor event, is marked by a thin, black, barren clay layer, possiblyrepresenting a brief pulse of anoxia and carbonate dissolution. The BEEoccurred within the 10 cm interval including this layer. During the first3.5 kyr of the PETM, several agglutinated recolonizing taxa show rapidspecies turnover, indicating a highly unstable, CaCO3-corrosiveenvironment. Calcareous taxa reappeared after this interval, and the next ∼9 kyr were characterized by rapid alternation of peaks in abundanceof various calcareous and agglutinated recolonizers. These observationssuggest that synergistic stressors, including deepwaterCaCO3 corrosiveness, low oxygenation, and high environmental instabilitycaused the extinction. Combined faunal and biomarker data (BIT index, higherplant n-alkane average chain length) and the high abundance of the mineralchlorite suggest that erosion and weathering increased strongly at the onsetof the PETM, due to an overall wet climate with invigorated hydrologicalcycle, which led to storm flood events carrying massive sediment dischargeinto the Belluno Basin. This interval was followed by the core of the PETM,characterized by four precessionally paced cycles in CaCO3 %,hematite %, δ13C, abundant occurrence of opportunistic benthicforaminiferal taxa, and calcareous nannofossil and planktonicforaminiferal taxa typical of high-productivity environments, radiolarians,and lower δDn-alkanes. We interpret these cycles asreflecting alternation between an overall arid climate, characterized bystrong winds and intense upwelling, and an overall humid climate, withabundant rains and high sediment delivery (including refractory organiccarbon) from land. Precessionally paced marl–limestone couplets occurthroughout the recovery interval of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and up to 10 m above it,suggesting that these wet–dry cycles persisted, though at decliningintensity, after the peak PETM. Enhanced climate extremes at mid-latitudesmight have been a direct response to the massive CO2 input in the oceanatmosphere system at the Paleocene–Eocene transition, and may have had aprimary role in restoring the Earth system to steady state

Variability in climate and productivity during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in the western Tethys (Forada section)