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Insolation changes during the Eemian (the last interglacial period,129 000–116 000 years before present) resulted in warmer than presentconditions in the Arctic region. The NEEM ice core record suggestswarming of 8 ± 4 K in northwestern Greenland based on stable waterisotopes. Here we use general circulation model experiments to investigatethe causes of the Eemian warming in Greenland. Simulations of the atmosphericresponse to combinations of Eemian insolation and preindustrial oceanicconditions and vice versa are used to disentangle the impacts of theinsolation change and the related changes in sea surface temperatures and seaice conditions. The changed oceanic conditions cause warming throughout theyear, prolonging the impact of the summertime insolation increase.Consequently, the oceanic conditions cause an annual mean warming of 2 K atthe NEEM site, whereas the insolation alone causes an insignificant change.Taking the precipitation changes into account, however, the insolation andoceanic changes cause more comparable increases in the precipitation-weightedtemperature, implying that both contributions are important for the ice corerecord at the NEEM site. The simulated Eemian precipitation-weighted warmingof 2.4 K at the NEEM site is low compared to the ice core reconstruction,partially due to missing feedbacks related to ice sheet changes and anextensive sea ice cover. Surface mass balance calculations with an energybalance model further indicate that the combination of temperature andprecipitation anomalies leads to potential mass loss in the north andsouthwestern parts of the ice sheet. The oceanic conditions favor increasedaccumulation in the southeast, while the insolation appears to be thedominant cause of the expected ice sheet reduction. Consequently, the Eemianis not a suitable analogue for future ice sheet changes

Greenland during the last interglacial: the relative importance of insolation and oceanic changes