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A high-resolution parallel ocean model is set up to examine how the  sill depth of the Atlantic connection affects circulation and water  characteristics in the Mediterranean Basin. An analysis of the model  performance, comparing model results with observations of the  present-day Mediterranean, demonstrates its ability to reproduce  observed water characteristics and circulation (including deep water  formation). A series of experiments with different sill depths in  the Atlantic–Mediterranean connection is used to assess the  sensitivity of Mediterranean circulation and water characteristics  to sill depth. Basin-averaged water salinity and, to a lesser  degree, temperature rise when the sill depth is shallower and exchange  with the Atlantic is lower. Lateral and interbasinal differences in  the Mediterranean are, however, largely unchanged. The strength of  the upper overturning cell in the western basin is proportional to  the magnitude of the exchange with the Atlantic, and hence to sill  depth. Overturning in the eastern basin and deep water formation in  both basins, on the contrary, are little affected by the sill depth.    The model results are used to interpret the sedimentary record of  the Late Miocene preceding and during the Messinian Salinity  Crisis. In the western basin, a correlation exists between sill depth  and rate of refreshment of deep water. On the other hand, because  sill depth has little effect on the overturning and deep water  formation in the eastern basin, the model results do not support the  notion that restriction of the Atlantic–Mediterranean connection may  cause lower oxygenation of deep water in the eastern basin. However,  this discrepancy may be due to simplifications in the surface  forcing and the use of a bathymetry different from that in the Late  Miocene. We also tentatively conclude that blocked outflow, as found  in experiments with a sill depth ≤10 m, is a plausible  scenario for the second stage of the Messinian Salinity Crisis  during which halite was rapidly accumulated in the Mediterranean.    With the model setup and experiments, a basis has been established  for future work on the sensitivity of Mediterranean circulation to  changes in (palaeo-)bathymetry and external forcings

Changes in Mediterranean circulation and water characteristics due to restriction of the Atlantic connection: a high-resolution ocean model