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Photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake by oceanic phytoplankton and subsequentexport of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the ocean interior comprises aglobally significant biological carbon pump, controlled in part by thecomposition of the planktonic community. The strength and efficiency of thispump depends upon the balance of particle production in the euphotic zoneand remineralization of those particles in the mesopelagic (defined here asdepths between 150 and 300 m), but how these processes respond toclimate-driven changes in the physical environment is not completelyunderstood. In the Sargasso Sea, from ~1996–2007, we have observed adecade-long >50% increase in euphotic zone integrated autotrophicbiomass (estimated from chlorophyll TChl-<i>α</i>), prokaryotic phytoplankton,primary production and shallow (150 m) POC export coinciding with a shift inthe mean phase of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) fromconsistently positive to neutral but variable. During this same periodmesopelagic POC flux attenuation has doubled such that carbon sequestrationbelow 300 m, the maximum winter/spring ventilation depth, has not changed.The increased mesopelagic POC attenuation appears mediated by changes inplankton community composition and metabolic activity in both the euphoticand mesopelagic zones. These changes are counter to extant hypothesesregarding inter-relationships between phytoplankton community composition,productivity and carbon export, and have significant impacts on how theSargasso Sea ecosystem, at least, is modeled. Moreover, these time-seriesobservations suggest that processes in the euphotic zone and mesopelagic aretightly coupled and should be considered together in future research

Increased ocean carbon export in the Sargasso Sea linked to climate variability is countered by its enhanced mesopelagic attenuation