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An urgent question for future climate, in light of increased burning offossil fuels, is the temperature sensitivity of the climate system toatmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO>sub>2). To date, no direct proxy for pastlevels of pCO2 exists beyond the reach of the polar ice core records.We propose a new methodology for placing a constraint on pCO2 over theCenozoic based on the physiological plasticity of extant coccolithophores.Specifically, our premise is that the contrasting calcificationtolerance of various extantspecies of coccolithophore to raised pCO2 reflects an "evolutionarymemory" of past atmospheric composition. The different times of evolutionof certain morphospecies allows an upper constraint of past pCO2 to beplaced on Cenozoic timeslices. Further, our hypothesis has implications forthe response of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification. Geologically"ancient" species, which have survived large changes in ocean chemistry,are likely more resilient to predicted acidification

A coccolithophore concept for constraining the Cenozoic carbon cycle