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Abstract. This paper presents the measured active and passive fluxes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and their response to seasonal andevent-driven oceanographic changes in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). The total vertical flux of carbon (TFC) is defined as the sum of activeand passive fluxes of biogenic carbon in the surface layer, which may be considered as the central part of marine carbon cycle. These active andpassive fluxes of N and P were also considered to understand stoichiometric flux patterns and the roles of nutrients involved in the TFC. Themagnitudes of total C, N, and P fluxes were, respectively, estimated to be 71.9–347 (mean ± SD,163 ± 70) mgCm-2d-1, 13.0–30.5 (21.2.± 4.9) mgNm-2d-1, and 1.02–2.97(1.94 ± 0.44) mgPm-2d-1, which were higher than most previously reported vertical fluxes in open oceans, likely because aquarter of the fluxes was contributed from active fluxes that were unaccounted for in vertical fluxes previously. Moreover, the passive fluxesdominated the total vertical fluxes and were estimated to be 65.3–255 (125 ± 64.9) mgCm-2d-1 (77 ± 52 % oftotal C flux), 11.9–23.2 (17.6 ± 4.2) mgNm-2d-1 (83 ± 28 % of total N flux), and 0.89–1.98(1.44 ± 0.33) mgPm-2d-1 (74 ± 24 % of total P flux). Vertical fluxes of dissolved organic C, N, and Pwere small (&lt; 5 %) relative to passive fluxes. The contrasting patterns of active and passive fluxes found between summer and winter couldmainly be attributed to surface warming and stratification in summer and cooling and wind-induced turbulence for pumping nutrients into the euphoticzone in winter. In addition to seasonal variations, the impact of anticyclonic eddies and internal-wave events on enhancing active and passivefluxes was apparent in the NSCS. Both active and passive fluxes were likely driven by nutrient availability within the euphotic zone, which wasultimately controlled by the changes in internal and external forcings. The nutrient availability also determined the inventory of chlorophyll aand new production, thereby allowing the estimates of active and passive fluxes for unmeasured events. To a first approximation, the South China Sea (SCS) mayeffectively transfer 0.208 ± 0.089 Gt C yr−1 into the ocean's interior, accounting for approximately 1.89 ± 0.81 % ofthe global C flux. The internal forcing and climatic conditions are likely critical factors in determining the seasonal and event-driven variabilityof total vertical fluxes in the NSCS.

Active and passive fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the northern South China Sea