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. Previous studies have shown that microbially producedmethane can be a dominant carbon source of lacustrine sedimentary macrofaunain eutrophic lakes, most likely through grazing on methane-oxidizingbacteria. Here we investigate the contributions of different carbon sourcesto macrofaunal biomass across five lakes in central Switzerland that rangefrom oligotrophic to highly eutrophic. Macrofaunal communities change withtrophic state, with chironomid larvae dominating oligotrophic and tubificidoligochaetes dominating eutrophic lake sediments. The 13C-isotopic data suggest that the average contribution of methane-derived carbon to thebiomass of both macrofaunal groups is similar but consistently remainsminor, ranging from only ∼1 % in the oligotrophic lake toat most 12 % in the eutrophic lakes. The remaining biomass can beexplained by the assimilation of detritus-derived organic carbon. Lowabundances of methane-cycling microorganisms in macrofaunal specimens,burrows, and surrounding sediment based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genesequences and copy numbers of genes involved in anaerobic and aerobicmethane cycling (mcrA, pmoA) support the interpretation of isotopic data. Notably,16S rRNA gene sequences of macrofauna, including macrofaunal guts, arehighly divergent from those in tubes or sediments. Many macrofaunalspecimens are dominated by a single 16S rRNA phylotype of Fusobacteria, α-, β-, γ-, or ε-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, or Parcubacteria. This raises the question of whether dominantlake macrofauna live in so far uncharacterized relationships with detritalorganic-matter-degrading bacterial endosymbionts.

Carbon sources of benthic fauna in temperate lakes across multiple trophic states