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Abstract. Rhodoliths are free-living calcifying red algae that formextensive beds in shallow marine benthic environments (  m),which provide important habitats and nurseries for marine organisms andcontribute to carbonate sediment accumulation. There is growing concern thatthese organisms are sensitive to global climate change, yet little is knownabout their physiology. Considering their broad distribution along mostcontinental coastlines, their potential sensitivity to global change couldhave important consequences for the productivity and diversity of benthiccoastal environments. The goal of this study was to determine the plasticityof carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) of rhodoliths along a latitudinalgradient in the northeast Atlantic using natural stable isotopesignatures. The δ13C signature of macroalgae can be used toprovide an indication of the preferred inorganic carbon source ( CO2 vs. HCO 3 - ). Here we present the total ( δ13 C T ) andorganic ( δ13 C org ) δ13C signatures ofnortheastAtlantic rhodoliths with respect to changing environmental conditions alonga latitudinal gradient from the Canary Islands to Spitsbergen. The δ13 C T signatures ( −11.9 to −0.89 ) of rhodoliths analyzed in thisstudy were generally higher than the δ13C org signatures,which ranged from −25.7 to −2.8 . We observed a decreasing trend in δ13 C T signatures with increasing latitude and temperature, while δ13C org signatures were only significantly correlated todissolved inorganic carbon. These data suggest that high-latitude rhodoliths rely more on CO2 as an inorganic carbon source, while low-latitude rhodoliths likely take up HCO 3 - directly, but none of our specimens had ∂13C org signatures less than −30 , suggesting that none of themrelied solely on diffusive CO2 uptake. However, depth also has asignificant effect on both skeletal and organic δ13C signatures, suggesting that both local and latitudinal trends influence theplasticity of rhodolith inorganic carbon acquisition and assimilation. Ourresults show that many species, particularly those at lower latitudes, haveCCMs that facilitate HCO 3 - use forphotosynthesis. This is an important adaptation for marine macroalgae,because HCO 3 - is available at higher concentrations than CO2 in seawater, and this becomes even more extreme with increasing temperature.The flexibility of CCMs in northeast Atlantic rhodoliths observed in ourstudy may provide a key physiological mechanism for potential adaptation ofrhodoliths to future global climate change.

Latitudinal trends in stable isotope signatures and carbon-concentrating mechanisms of northeast Atlantic rhodoliths