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Both atmospheric deposition and benthic remineralisation influence themarine nitrogen cycle, and hence ultimately also marine primaryproduction. The biological and biogeochemical relations in the easterntropical South Pacific (ETSP) among nitrogen deposition, benthicdenitrification and phosphorus regeneration are analysed ina prognostic box model of the oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus cyclesin the ETSP. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition ( ≈ 1.5 Tg N yr−1for the years 2000–2009) is offset by half in the model by reduced N2 fixation, with the other half transportedout of the model domain. Model- and data-based benthic denitrification in our model domain are responsible forlosses of 0.19 and 1.0 Tg Tg N yr−1, respectively, and both trigger nitrogen fixation, partly compensating for theNO3− loss. Model- and data-based estimates of enhanced phosphate release via sedimentary phosphorus regeneration undersuboxic conditions are 0.062 and 0.11 Tg N yr−1, respectively.Since phosphate is the ultimate limiting nutrient in the model, even very small additionalphosphate inputs stimulate primary production and subsequent exportproduction and NO3− loss in the oxygen minimum zone(OMZ). A sensitivity analysis of the local response to bothatmospheric deposition and benthic remineralisation indicates dominantstabilising feedbacks in the ETSP, which tend to keep a balancednitrogen inventory; i.e. nitrogen input by atmospheric deposition iscounteracted by decreasing nitrogen fixation; NO3− loss viabenthic denitrification is partly compensated for by increased nitrogenfixation; enhanced nitrogen fixation stimulated by phosphateregeneration is partly counteracted by stronger water-columndenitrification. Even though the water column in our model domain actsas a NO3− source, the ETSP includingbenthic denitrification might be a NO3− sink

biogeosciences

Box-modelling of the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and benthic remineralisation on the nitrogen cycle of the eastern tropical South Pacific