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Despite a multitude of studies, overall erosion rates as well as thecontribution of different erosion processes on Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP)remain uncertain, which hampers a correct assessment of the impact of soilerosion on carbon and nutrient cycling as well as on crop productivity. Inthis paper we used a novel approach, based on field evidence, to reassesserosion rates on the CLP before and after conservation measures wereimplemented (1950 vs. 2005). We found that current average topsoil erosionrates are 3 to 9 times lower than earlier estimates suggested. Under 2005conditions, more sediment was produced by non-topsoil erosion (gully erosion(0.23 ± 0.28 Gt yr−1) and landsliding(0.28 ± 0.23 Gt yr−1) combined) than by topsoil erosion(ca. 0.30 ± 0.08 Gt yr−1). Overall, these erosion processesmobilized ca. 4.77 ± 1.96 Tg yr−1 of soil organic carbon (SOC):the latter number sets the maximum magnitude of the erosion-induced carbonsink, which is ca. 4 times lower than one other recent estimate suggests. The programs implemented from the 1950s onwards reduced topsoil erosion from0.51 ± 0.13 to 0.30 ± 0.08 Gt yr−1 while SOC mobilizationwas reduced from 7.63 ± 3.52 to 4.77 ± 1.96 Tg C yr−1.Conservation efforts and reservoir construction have disrupted theequilibrium that previously existed between sediment and SOC mobilization onthe one hand and sediment and SOC export to the Bohai sea on the other hand:nowadays, most eroded sediments and carbon are stored on land. Despite the fact that average topsoil losses on the CLP are still relativelyhigh, a major increase in agricultural productivity has occurred since 1980.Fertilizer application rates nowadays more than compensate for the nutrientlosses by (topsoil) erosion: this was likely not the case before thedramatic rise of fertilizer use that started around 1980. Hence, erosion iscurrently not a direct threat to agricultural productivity on the CLP butthe long-term effects of erosion on soil quality remain important

biogeosciences

Moderate topsoil erosion rates constrain the magnitude of the erosion-induced carbon sink and agricultural productivity losses on the Chinese Loess Plateau