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Impacts of simultaneous inputs of crop straw and nitrogen (N) fertilizer ongreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and N losses from rice production are notwell understood. A 2-year field experiment was established in a rice–wheatcropping system in the Taihu Lake region (TLR) of China to evaluate the GHGintensity (GHGI) as well as reactive N intensity (NrI) of rice production with inputsof wheat straw and N fertilizer. The field experiment included fivetreatments of different N fertilization rates for rice production: 0 (RN0),120 (RN120), 180 (RN180), 240 (RN240), and 300 kg N ha−1 (RN300,traditional N application rate in the TLR). Wheat straws were fully incorporatedinto soil before rice transplantation. The meta-analytic technique wasemployed to evaluate various Nr losses. Results showed that the response ofrice yield to N rate successfully fitted a quadratic model, while Nfertilization promoted Nr discharges exponentially (nitrous oxide emission,N leaching, and runoff) or linearly (ammonia volatilization). The GHGI ofrice production ranged from 1.20 (RN240) to 1.61 kg CO2equivalent (CO2 eq) kg−1 (RN0), while NrI varied from 2.14 (RN0) to10.92 g N kg−1 (RN300). Methane (CH4) emission dominated the GHGIwith a proportion of 70.2–88.6 % due to direct straw incorporation, whileammonia (NH3) volatilization dominated the NrI with proportion of53.5–57.4 %. Damage costs to environment incurred by GHG and Nr releasesfrom current rice production (RN300) accounted for 8.8 and 4.9 % offarmers' incomes, respectively. Cutting N application rate from 300(traditional N rate) to 240 kg N ha−1 could improve rice yield andnitrogen use efficiency by 2.14 and 10.30 %, respectively, whilesimultaneously reducing GHGI by 13 %, NrI by 23 %, and total environmentalcosts by 16 %. Moreover, the reduction of 60 kg N ha−1 improvedfarmers' income by CNY 639 ha−1, which would provide them with anincentive to change the current N application rate. Our study suggests thatGHG and Nr releases, especially for CH4 emission and NH3volatilization, from rice production in the TLR could be further reduced,considering the current incorporation pattern of wheat straw and Nfertilizer

Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases from rice production with simultaneous incorporation of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer