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Composite agricultural systems with permanent maize cultivation in theuplands and irrigated rice in the valleys are very common in mountainoussoutheast Asia. The soil loss and fertility decline of the upland fields iswell documented, but little is known about reallocation of these sedimentswithin the landscape. In this study, a turbidity-based linear mixed modelwas used to quantify sediment inputs, from surface reservoir irrigationwater and from direct overland flow, into a paddy area of 13 ha.Simultaneously, the sediment load exported from the rice fields wasdetermined. Mid-infrared spectroscopy was applied to analyze sedimentparticle size. Our results showed that per year, 64 Mg ha−1 ofsediments were imported into paddy fields, of which around 75 % weredelivered by irrigation water and the remainder by direct overland flowduring rainfall events. Overland flow contributed one-third of the receivedsandy fraction, while irrigated sediments were predominantly silty. Overall,rice fields were a net sink for sediments, trapping 28 Mg ha−1 a−1or almost half of total sediment inputs. As paddy outflow consisted almostexclusively of silt- and clay-sized material, 24 Mg ha−1 a−1 ofthe trapped amount of sediment was estimated to be sandy. Under continuedintensive upland maize cultivation, such a sustained input of coarsematerial could jeopardize paddy soil fertility, puddling capacity andultimately food security of the inhabitants of these mountainous areas.Preventing direct overland flow from entering the paddy fields, however,could reduce sand inputs by up to 34 %

Sediment trap efficiency of paddy fields at the watershed scale in a mountainous catchment in northwest Vietnam