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The Balkan Lake Ohrid is the oldest and most diverse freshwaterlacustrine system in Europe. However, it remains unclear whetherspecies community composition, as well as the diversification of its endemictaxa, is mainly driven by dispersal limitation, environmental filtering,or species interaction. This calls for a holistic perspectiveinvolving both evolutionary processes and ecological dynamics,as provided by the unifying framework of the “metacommunity speciation model”.  The current study used the species-rich model taxon Gastropodato assess how extant communities in Lake Ohrid are structuredby performing process-based metacommunity analyses. Specifically,the study aimed (1) to identifying the relative importance of thethree community assembly processes and (2) to test whether theimportance of these individual processes changes gradually withlake depth or discontinuously with eco-zone shifts.  Based on automated eco-zone detection and process-specific simulation steps,we demonstrated that dispersal limitation had the strongest influence ongastropod community composition. However, it was not the exclusiveassembly process, but acted together with the other two processes– environmental filtering and species interaction.The relative importance of the community assembly processes variedboth with lake depth and eco-zones, though the processes werebetter predicted by the latter.  This suggests that environmental characteristics have a pronounced effecton shaping gastropod communities via assembly processes. Moreover, thestudy corroborated the high importance of dispersal limitation for bothmaintaining species richness in Lake Ohrid (through its impact on community composition)and generating endemic biodiversity (via its influence on diversification processes).However, according to the metacommunity speciation model, the inferredimportance of environmental filtering and biotic interaction alsosuggests a small but significant influence of ecological speciation.These findings contribute to the main goal of the Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) deep drillinginitiative – inferring the drivers of biotic evolution –and might provide an integrative perspective on biological andlimnological dynamics in ancient Lake Ohrid

Assembly processes of gastropod community change with horizontal and vertical zonation in ancient Lake Ohrid: a metacommunity speciation perspective