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Nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) of NH4+ in dairy manure compost piles with and without bulking agent (10 % w∕w) were compared to understand the effects of the use of bulking agent on nitrogen conversion during manure composting. The δ15N–NH4+ values in each of three pile zones (top, side and core) were also compared. At the end of the process, piles with bulking agent showed significantly higher δ15N values (17.7 ± 1.3 ‰) than piles without bulking agent (11.8 ± 0.9 ‰), reflecting the significantly higher nitrogen conversion and NH3 loss inthe former. The samples from the top zone, especially in the piles withbulking agent, showed very high NH4+ concentrations withsignificantly high 15N (δ15N: 12.7–29.8 ‰) values, indicating that extremely high nitrogen conversion, nitrification–denitrification activity of the microbes and NH3 volatilization occurred in this zone

Isotopically enriched ammonium shows high nitrogen transformation in the pile top zone of dairy manure compost