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Ulysses, launched on 6 October 1990, was placed in an  elliptical, high inclined (80.2&deg;) orbit around the Sun, and was  switched off in June 2009. It has been the only spacecraft exploring  high-latitude regions of the inner heliosphere. The Kiel Electron  Telescope (KET) aboard Ulysses measures electrons from 3 MeV to a few  GeV and protons and helium in the energy range from 6 MeV/nucleon to  above 2 GeV/nucleon. The PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter  Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) space borne experiment was  launched on 15 June 2006 and is continuously collecting data  since then. The apparatus measures electrons, positrons, protons,  anti-protons and heavier nuclei from about 100 MeV to several hundreds  of GeV. Thus the combination of Ulysses and PAMELA measurements is  ideally suited to determine the spatial gradients during the extended  minimum of solar cycle 23. For protons in the rigidity interval  1.6&ndash;1.8 GV we find a radial gradient of 2.7%/AU and a latitudinal  gradient of &minus;0.024%/degree. Although the latitudinal gradient is as  expected negative, its value is much smaller than predicted by current  particle propagation models. This result is of relevance for the study  of propagation parameters in the inner heliosphere

Latitudinal and radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons in the inner heliosphere – PAMELA and Ulysses observations