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There is a variety of different cosmogenic radionuclide-based reconstructions of solar activity variations for the past. Especially the longer-term changes and the absolute levels of past solar activity are uncertain as it is illustrated by the differences between these reconstructions. On the one hand there are differences between <sup>10</sup>Be and <sup>14</sup>C records that are commonly used as proxies for the varying solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. On the other hand estimates of past changes in the geomagnetic shielding also include relatively large uncertainties. Here, we concentrate on variations in cosmogenic radionuclide records on time scales of 50 to 500 yr. We show that these are to a large extent independent of the geomagnetic field intensity. The range of variability of cosmogenic radionuclide records allows us to set constraints about long-term changes in solar activity. These records indicate that present solar activity levels were reached or exceeded regularly in the past

Constraints on long-term changes in solar activity from the range of variability of cosmogenic radionuclide records