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In order to illustrate morphological features and variations of temperaturein the upper thermosphere, we performed numerical simulations with a wholeatmosphere general circulation model (GCM) for the solar minimum andgeomagnetically quiet conditions in March, June, September, and December. Inprevious GCMs, tidal effects were imposed at the lower boundaries assumingdominant diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal modes. Since the GCM used in thepresent study covers all the atmospheric regions, the atmospheric tides withvarious modes are generated within the GCM. The global temperaturedistributions obtained from the GCM are in agreement with ones obtained fromNRLMSISE-00. In addition, the GCM also represents localised temperaturestructures which are superimposed on the global day-night distributions.These localised structures, which vary from hour to hour, would be observedas variations with periods of about 2–3 h at a single site. Theamplitudes of the 2–3 h variations are significant at high-latitude,while the amplitudes are small at low-latitude. The diurnal temperaturevariation is more clearly identified at low-latitude than at high-latitude.When we assume the same high-latitude convection electric field in eachmonth, the temperature calculated in the polar cap region shows diurnalvariation more clearly in winter than in summer. The midnight temperaturemaximum (MTM), which is one of the typical low-latitude temperaturestructures, is also seen in the GCM results. The MTMs in the GCM resultsshow significant day-to-day variation with amplitudes of several 10s toabout 150 K. The wind convergence and stream of warm air are found aroundthe MTM. The GCM also represent the meridional wind reversals and/orabatements which are caused due to local time variations of airflow patternin the low-latitude region

Morphological features and variations of temperature in the upper thermosphere simulated by a whole atmosphere GCM