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Traditionally, due to observational constraints, ionospheric modelling anddata analysis techniques have been devised either in one dimension (e.g.along a single radar beam), or in two dimensions (e.g. over a network ofmagnetometers). With new upcoming missions like the Swarm ionosphericmulti-satellite project, or the EISCAT 3-D project, the time has come to takeinto account variations in all three dimensions simultaneously, as theyoccur in the real ionosphere. The link between ionospheric electrodynamicsand the neutral atmosphere circulation which has gained increasing interestin the recent years also intrinsically requires a truly 3-dimensional (3-D)description. In this paper, we identify five major science questions thatneed to be addressed by 3-D ionospheric modelling and data analysis. Webriefly review what proceedings in the young field of 3-D ionosphericelectrodynamics have been made in the past to address these selectedquestion, and we outline how these issues can be addressed in the futurewith additional observations and/or improved data analysis and simulationtechniques. Throughout the paper, we limit the discussion to high-latitudeand mesoscale ionospheric electrodynamics, and to directly data-driven (notstatistical) data analysis

Towards understanding the electrodynamics of the 3-dimensional high-latitude ionosphere: present and future