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Noon foF2 monthly median values for equinoctial months of solar cycles 20,21 and 22, were analyzed for 37 worldwide stations. For each solar cycle andfor a given Rz, the difference between foF2 in the falling branch of thecycle and the corresponding value of the rising branch is evaluated. Themaximum difference, considered as the hysteresis magnitude, variessystematically with geomagnetic latitude. The pattern is similar for everycycle, with greater hysteresis magnitudes for stronger solar cycles. It ispositive between 45° S and 45° N, with minimum values at equatoriallatitudes and maximum at around 25°–30° on either side of theequator. For latitudes greater than 50° negative values are observed.At around 25°–30° and at high latitudes the hysteresis magnitudereaches 2 MHz for solar cycle with high activity levels, which representsaround 20% of foF2. The effects of foF2 hysteresis on the analysis oflong-term data sequences is analyzed. In the case of long-term trendanalysis, the hysteresis behavior may induce spurious trends as aconsequence of the filtering processes applied to foF2 time series previousto trend values estimation. This problem may be solved by considering timeseries covering several solar cycles

annales geophysicae

Latitudinal variation of &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;fo&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;F2 hysteresis of solar cycles 20, 21 and 22 and its application to the analysis of long-term trends