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To date, several satellites measurements are available which canprovide profiles of temperature and water vapour with reasonable accuracies.However, the temporal resolution has remained poor, particularly over thetropics, as most of them are polar orbiting. At this juncture, the launch ofINSAT-3D  (Indian National SatelliteSystem) by the Indian Space ResearchOrganization (ISRO) on 26 July 2013 carrying a multi-spectral imager coveringvisible to long-wave infrared made it possible to obtain profiles oftemperature and water vapour over India with higher temporal and verticalresolutions and altitude coverage, besides other parameters. The initialvalidation of INSAT-3D data is made with the high temporal (3 h) resolutionradiosonde observations launched over Gadanki (13.5° N,79.2° E) during a special campaign and routine evening soundingsobtained at 12:00 UTC (17:30 LT). We also compared INSAT-3D data with theradiosonde observations obtained from 34 India Meteorological Departmentstations. Comparisons were also made over India with data from othersatellites like AIRS, MLS and SAPHIR and from ERA-Interim and NCEP reanalysisdata sets. INSAT-3D is able to show better coverage over India with highspatial and temporal resolutions as expected. Good correlation in temperaturebetween INSAT-3D and in situ measurements is noticed except in the uppertropospheric and lower stratospheric regions (positive bias of 2–3 K).There is a mean dry bias of 20–30 % in the water vapour mixing ratio.Similar biases are noticed when compared to other satellites and reanalysisdata sets. INSAT-3D shows a large positive bias in temperature above25° N in the lower troposphere. Thus, caution is advised when usingthese data for tropospheric studies. Finally it is concluded that temperaturedata from INSAT-3D are of high quality and can be directly assimilated forbetter forecasts over India

Validation of INSAT-3D sounder data with in situ measurements and other similar satellite observations over India