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We present the first comparison of a new lidar technique to measure winds inthe middle atmosphere, called DoRIS (Doppler Rayleigh Iodine Spectrometer),with a rocket-borne in situ method, which relies on measuring the horizontaldrift of a target (“starute”) by a tracking radar. The launches took placefrom the Andøya Space Center (ASC), very close to the ALOMAR observatory(Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research) at 69° N.DoRIS is part of a steerable twin lidar system installed at ALOMAR. Theobservations were made simultaneously and with a horizontal distance betweenthe two lidar beams and the starute trajectories of typically 0–40 km only.DoRIS measured winds from 14 March 2015, 17:00 UTC, to 15 March 2015,11:30 UTC. A total of eight starute flights were launched successfully from 14March, 19:00 UTC, to 15 March, 00:19 UTC. In general there is excellentagreement between DoRIS and the in situ measurements, considering the combinedrange of uncertainties. This concerns not only the general height structuresof zonal and meridional winds and their temporal developments, but also somewavy structures. Considering the comparison between all starute flights andall DoRIS observations in a time period of ±20 min around eachindividual starute flight, we arrive at mean differences of typically±5–10 m s<sup>−1</sup> for both wind components. Part of the remainingdifferences are most likely due to the detection of different wave fronts ofgravity waves. There is no systematic difference between DoRIS and the in situobservations above 30 km. Below ∼ 30 km, winds from DoRIS aresystematically too large by up to 10–20 m s<sup>−1</sup>, which can be explainedby the presence of aerosols. This is proven by deriving the backscatterratios at two different wavelengths. These ratios are larger than unity,which is an indication of the presence of aerosols

Simultaneous and co-located wind measurements in the middle atmosphere by lidar and rocket-borne techniques