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Several recent studies have observed systematic differences betweenmeasurements in the 183.31 GHz water vapor line by space-borne sounders andcalculations using radiative transfer models, with inputs from eitherradiosondes (radiosonde observations, RAOBs) or short-range forecasts by numerical weather prediction(NWP) models. This paper discusses all the relevant categories ofobservation-based or model-based data, quantifies their uncertainties andseparates biases that could be common to all causes from those attributableto a particular cause. Reference observations from radiosondes, GlobalNavigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, differential absorption lidar (DIAL)and Raman lidar are thus overviewed. Biases arising from their calibrationprocedures, NWP models and data assimilation, instrument biases andradiative transfer models (both the models themselves and the underlyingspectroscopy) are presented and discussed. Although presently no singleprocess in the comparisons seems capable of explaining the observedstructure of bias, recommendations are made in order to better understandthe causes

A review of sources of systematic errors and uncertainties in observations and simulations at 183 GHz