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High-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) water vapor data of the atmosphericboundary layer (ABL) are required to improve our understanding ofland–atmosphere exchange processes. For this purpose, the scanningdifferential absorption lidar (DIAL) of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH)was developed as well as new analysis tools and visualization methods. Theinstrument determines 3-D fields of the atmospheric water vapor numberdensity with a temporal resolution of a few seconds and a spatial resolutionof up to a few tens of meters. We present three case studies from two fieldcampaigns. In spring 2013, the UHOH DIAL was operated within the scope of theHD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) in western Germany.HD(CP)2 stands for High Definition of Clouds and Precipitation foradvancing Climate Prediction and is a German research initiative.Range–height indicator (RHI) scans of the UHOH DIAL show the water vaporheterogeneity within a range of a few kilometers up to an altitude of 2 kmand its impact on the formation of clouds at the top of the ABL. Theuncertainty of the measured data was assessed for the first time by extendinga technique to scanning data, which was formerly applied to vertical timeseries. Typically, the accuracy of the DIAL measurements is between 0.5 and0.8 g m−3 (or < 6 %) within the ABL even during daytime.This allows for performing a RHI scan from the surface to an elevation angleof 90° within 10 min. In summer 2014, the UHOH DIAL participated inthe Surface Atmosphere Boundary Layer Exchange (SABLE) campaign insouthwestern Germany. Conical volume scans were made which reveal multiplewater vapor layers in three dimensions. Differences in their heights indifferent directions can be attributed to different surface elevation. Withlow-elevation scans in the surface layer, the humidity profiles and gradientscan be related to different land cover such as maize, grassland, and forestas well as different surface layer stabilities

3-D water vapor field in the atmospheric boundary layer observed with scanning differential absorption lidar