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Bacteria are constantly being transported through the atmosphere,which may have implications for human health, agriculture, cloudformation, and the dispersal of bacterial species. We simulate theglobal transport of bacteria, represented as 1 μm and 3 μmdiameter spherical solid particle tracers in a general circulationmodel. We investigate factors influencing residence time anddistribution of the particles, including emission region, cloudcondensation nucleus activity and removal by ice-phaseprecipitation. The global distribution depends strongly on theassumptions made about uptake into cloud droplets and ice. Thetransport is also affected, to a lesser extent, by the emissionregion, particulate diameter, and season. We find that the seasonalvariation in atmospheric residence time is insufficient to explainby itself the observed seasonal variation in concentrations ofparticulate airborne culturable bacteria, indicating that thisvariability is mainly driven by seasonal variations in culturabilityand/or emission strength. We examine the potential for exchange ofbacteria between ecosystems and obtain rough estimates of the fluxfrom each ecosystem by using a maximum likelihood estimationtechnique, together with a new compilation of available observationsdescribed in a companion paper. Globally, we estimate the totalemissions of bacteria-containing particles to the atmosphere to be 7.6×1023–3.5×1024 a−1,originating mainly fromgrasslands, shrubs and crops. We estimate the mass of emittedbacteria- to be 40–1800 Gg a−1, depending on the massfraction of bacterial cells in the particles. In order to improveunderstanding of this topic, more measurements of the bacterialcontent of the air and of the rate of surface-atmosphere exchange ofbacteria will be necessary. Future observations in wetlands, hotdeserts, tundra, remote glacial and coastal regions and over oceanswill be of particular interest

Bacteria in the global atmosphere – Part 2: Modeling of emissions and transport between different ecosystems