English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Summertime atmospheric toluene enhancements at Thompson Farm in the ruralnortheastern United States were unexpected and resulted in a toluene/benzeneseasonal pattern that was distinctly different from that of otheranthropogenic volatile organic compounds. Consequently, three hydrocarbonsources were investigated for potential contributions to the enhancementsduring 2004–2006. These included: (1) increased warm season fuelevaporation coupled with changes in reformulated gasoline (RFG) content tomeet US EPA summertime volatility standards, (2) local industrial emissionsand (3) local vegetative emissions. The contribution of fuel evaporationemission to summer toluene mixing ratios was estimated to range from 16 to30 pptv d−1, and did not fully account for the observed enhancements(20–50 pptv) in 2004–2006. Static chamber measurements of alfalfa, a cropat Thompson Farm, and dynamic branch enclosure measurements of loblolly pinetrees in North Carolina suggested vegetative emissions of 5 and 12 pptv d−1 for crops and coniferous trees, respectively. Toluene emissionrates from alfalfa are potentially much larger as these plants were onlysampled at the end of the growing season. Measured biogenic fluxes were onthe same order of magnitude as the influence from gasoline evaporation andindustrial sources (regional industrial emissions estimated at 7 pptv d−1 and indicated that local vegetative emissions make a significantcontribution to summertime toluene enhancements. Additional studies areneeded to characterize the variability and factors controlling tolueneemissions from alfalfa and other vegetation types throughout the growingseason

Are biogenic emissions a significant source of summertime atmospheric toluene in the rural Northeastern United States?