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The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in June 1991 was one of thestrongest volcanic eruptions in the 20th century and this well observederuption can serve as an important case study to understand the subsequentweather and climate changes. In this paper, the most comprehensivesimulations to date of the climate impact of Mt. Pinatubo eruption arecarried out with prescribed volcanic aerosols including observed SSTs, QBOand volcanically induced ozone anomalies. This is also the first attempt toinclude all the known factors for the simulation of such an experiment. Here,the climate response is evaluated under different boundary conditionsincluding one at a time, thereby, investigating the radiative and dynamicalresponses to individual and combined forcings by observed SSTs, QBO andvolcanic effects. Two ensembles of ten members each, for unperturbed andvolcanically perturbed conditions were carried out using the middleatmosphere configuration of ECHAM5 general circulation model. Our resultsshow that the simulated climate response that may arise solely from aerosolforcing in lower stratospheric temperature is insensitive to the boundaryconditions in the tropics and does not show some observed features such asthe temperature signature of the QBO phases. Also, statistically significantpositive anomalies in the high latitudes in NH winter of 1991/92 seen in ourmodel simulations with prescribed observed SST and QBO phases as boundaryconditions are consistent with the observations. To simulate realisticallythe lower stratospheric temperature response, one must include all the knownfactors. The pure QBO and ocean signatures in lower stratospheric temperatureare simulated consistently with earlier studies. The indirect effect of thevolcanic aerosols manifested as the winter warming pattern is not simulatedin the ensemble mean of the experiments. Our analysis also shows that theresponse to El Niño conditions is very strong in the model andthat it partially masks the effects due to volcanic forcing

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Simulation of the climate impact of Mt. Pinatubo eruption using ECHAM5 – Part 1: Sensitivity to the modes of atmospheric circulation and boundary conditions