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Presented here are comparisons between the Infrared Atmospheric Soundinginstrument (IASI) and the "Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model"(LBLRTM). Spectral residuals from radiance closure studies during the IASIJAIVEx validation campaign provide insight into a number of spectroscopyissues relevant to remote sounding of temperature, water vapor and tracegases from IASI. In order to perform quality IASI trace gas retrievals, thetemperature and water vapor fields must be retrieved as accurately aspossible. In general, the residuals in the CO2 ν2 region are ofthe order of the IASI instrument noise. However, outstanding issues with theCO2 spectral regions remain. There is a large residual ~−1.7 K inthe 667 cm−1 Q-branch, and residuals in the CO2 ν2 andN2O/CO2 ν3 spectral regions that sample the troposphereare inconsistent, with the N2O/CO2 ν3 region being toonegative (warmer) by ~0.7 K. Residuals on this lower wavenumber sideof the CO2 ν3 band will be improved by line parameterupdates, while future efforts to reduce the residuals reaching ~−0.5 Kon the higher wavenumber side of the CO2 ν3 band will focuson addressing limitations in the modeling of the CO2 line shape (linecoupling and duration of collision) effects. Brightness temperatureresiduals from the radiance closure studies in the ν2 water vaporband have standard deviations of ~0.2–0.3 K with some large peakresiduals reaching ±0.5–1.0 K. These are larger than the instrumentnoise indicating that systematic errors still remain. New H2O lineintensities and positions have a significant \mbox{impact} on theretrieved water vapor, particularly in the upper troposphere where the watervapor retrievals are 10% drier when using line intensitiescompared with HITRAN 2004. In addition to O3, CH4, and CO,of the IASI instrument combined with an accurateforward model allows for the detection of minor species with weakatmospheric signatures in the nadir radiances, such as HNO3 and OCS

Performance of the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) for temperature and species retrievals: IASI case studies from JAIVEx