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Large uncertainties exist in our knowledge of regional emissions ofnon-methane biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC). We addressthese uncertainties through a two-pronged approach by compilinga state of the art database of the emissions potentials for 80European forest species, and by a model assessment andinter-comparison, both at the local and regional scale, under presentand projected future climatic conditions. We coupled three contrastingisoprenoid models with the ecophysiological forest model GOTILWA+ toevaluate leaf and ecosystem isoprenoid emissions, build an emissionsinventory for European forests, and to consider model behaviour inpresent climate and under projected future climate change conditions.Hourly, daily and annual isoprene emissionsas simulated by the models were evaluated against fluxmeasurements. The validation highlighted a general model capacity tocapture gross fluxes but inefficiencies in capturing short termvariability.  A regional inventory of isoprenoid emissions forEuropean forests was created using each of the three modellingapproaches. The models agreed on an average European emissions budgetof 1.03 TgC a<sup>−1</sup> for isoprene and 0.97 TgC a<sup>−1</sup>for monoterpenes for the period 1960–1990, which was dominated bya few species with largest aerial coverage. Species contribution tototal emissions depended both on species emission potential andgeographical distribution. For projected future climate conditions,however, emissions budgets proved highly model dependent, illustratingthe current uncertainty associated with isoprenoid emissions responsesto potential future conditions.  These results suggest that current model estimates of isoprenoidemissions concur well, but future estimates are highly uncertain. Weconclude that development of reliable models is highly urgent, but forthe time being, future BVOC emission scenario estimates shouldconsider results from an ensemble of available emission models

Process based inventory of isoprenoid emissions from European forests: model comparisons, current knowledge and uncertainties