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We utilize a multiphase model, CON-AIR (Condensed Phase toAir Transfer Model), to show that the photochemistry of nitrate(NO3−) in and on ice and snow surfaces, specifically thequasi-liquid layer (QLL), can account for NOx volume fluxes,concentrations, and [NO]/[NO2] (γ=[NO]/[NO2]) measured just above the Arctic and coastalAntarctic snowpack. Maximum gas phase NOx volume fluxes, concentrationsand γ simulated for spring and summer range from 5.0×104 to6.4×105 molecules cm−3 s−1, 5.7×108 to 4.8×109 molecules cm−3,and ~0.8 to 2.2, respectively, which are comparable to gas phase NOxvolume fluxes, concentrations and γ measured in the field. The modelincorporates the appropriate actinic solar spectrum, thereby properlyweighting the different rates of photolysis of NO3−and NO2−. This is important since the immediate precursorfor NO, for example, NO2−, absorbs at wavelengths longerthan nitrate itself. Finally, one-dimensional model simulations indicatethat both gas phase boundary layer NO and NO2 exhibit anegative concentration gradient as a function of height although[NO]/[NO2] are approximately constant. This gradient is primarilyattributed to gas phase reactions of NOx with halogens oxides (i.e. as BrOand IO), HOx, and hydrocarbons, such as CH3O2

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Multiphase modeling of nitrate photochemistry in the quasi-liquid layer (QLL): implications for NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;x&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; release from the Arctic and coastal Antarctic snowpack