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Slightly soluble atmospherically relevant organic compounds may influenceparticle CCN activity and therefore cloud formation. Adipic acid is afrequently employed surrogate for such slightly soluble organic materials.The 11 published experimental studies on the CCN activity of adipic acidparticles are not consistent with each other nor do they, in most cases,agree with the Köhler theory. The CCN activity of adipic acid aerosolparticles was studied over a significantly wider range of conditions than inany previous single study. The work spans the conditions of the previousstudies and also provides alternate methods for producing "wet" (deliquescedsolution droplets) and dry adipic acid particles without the need to producethem by atomization of aqueous solutions. The experiments suggest that thescatter in the previously published CCN measurements is most likely due tothe difficulty of producing uncontaminated adipic acid particles byatomization of solutions and possibly also due to uncertainties in thecalibration of the instruments. The CCN activation of the small (dm<150 nm) initially dry particles is subject to a deliquescence barrier, whilefor the larger particles the activation follows the Köhler curve. Wetadipic acid particles follow the Köhler curve over the full range ofparticle diameters studied. In addition, the effect of adipic acid coatingson the CCN activity of both soluble and insoluble particles has also beenstudied. When a water-soluble core is coated by adipic acid, theCCN-hindering effect of particle phase is eliminated. An adipic acid coatingon hydrophobic soot yields a CCN active particle. If the soot particle isrelatively small (dcore≤102 nm), the CCN activity of the coatedparticles approaches the deliquescence line of adipic acid, suggesting thatthe total size of the particle determines CCN activation and the soot coreacts as a scaffold

CCN activation experiments with adipic acid: effect of particle phase and adipic acid coatings on soluble and insoluble particles